Fight In Song of Solomon - Free Essay Example

The symbol of flight has been present in literature throughout many cultures. Often it is used in literature as a symbol of freedom in a sense that it appeals to a sensory-stimulated bliss that defies traditional weight pressure (Hovet 119). The history of flight as a symbol in African American Literature is readapted in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon by categorizing her characters into different flyers that represent different outcomes of taking the leap. Traditionally, the use of the symbol represents the liberation of being grounded to Earth but released into tranquility and nirvana; by escaping your worldly self, you can fly to a point past humanity. Morrsion explores other ideas through her characters, for example, it is also represented in the multiple men that abandon women throughout the duration of the novel. By exploring different situations in the text where flight is demonstrated, the reader can determine how the theme applies to the characters of the text and how Morrison intended for the theme to be adapted. Though Morrison intricately develops other themes in her novel, such as abandoned women, misogyny, the alienating effects of oppression, and marginalization, the theme of flight is thoroughly layered throughout multiple examples in the text.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flight has been a prevalent symbol in African American Literature in the past. Gay Wilentz explains in his journal If You Surrender to the Air: Folk Legends of Flight and Resistance in African American Literature that theme of flight is present throughout the African diaspora of slaves. Both written and oral accounts suggest the theme was originally adapted from slaves who jump the side of the slave vessel, committing suicide in fear of what is ahead of them. However, folk lore said instead of falling to their doom they instead flew away back to Africa (Wilentz 22). Wilentz quotes Michele Cliff in her novel Abeng regarding her detailed history of Jamaica: The old women and men believed, before they had to eat salt during the sweated labor in the cane fields, Africans could fly. They were the only people on this Earth to whom God had given this power. Those who refused to be slaves and did not eat salt flew back to Africa (63). The Southern United States hold many versions of the legend as well. A very popular legend describes Africans who turn back around and fly over the ocean upon seeing their fate. This legend likely dates back to Igbos from Eastern Nigeria (Wilentz 23). The other describes an African that teaches slaves who are bound to the Earth how to fly, and then they soar back to Africa. However, the theme carried over into contemporary literature and is demonstrated in Morrisons other novels. Morrison deviates from common themes of flight as she sheds light on the womans position of behind left behind, as well as the flights that dont always land well. It is important to consider the history of the symbol as it lays the foundation for which Morrison builds her intended message.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grace Ann Hovet and Barbara Lounsberry explore in their journal Flying as a Symbol and Legend in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, Sula and Song of Solomon that Morrison tends to divide her characters into three different types of fliers. The first type are nesting birds. Nesting birds generally never dare to fly and place too much importance on the draw of home. The surviving members of the Dead Clan are nesters. Morrisons opinion on nesters are evident in how she represents her characters in her novel. Nesters are scorned for their stagnancy, and Morrison incorporates a peacock into her symbols and imagery to emphasize this. Peacocks are representative of everlasting life and the resurrection of Christ in traditional Christian symbolism and imagery (Jordan 1). Morrison, however, reverses the meaning of the traditional symbolism and crosses it over with the symbol of flight. She initially links the peacock to the bad of worldly treasure that Milkmans father, Macon Dead, first discovers when he is 16. The peacock is not representative of immortality, however, it is representative of the unhealthy attachments and obsession created between the family and their pursuit of wealth. This is reflected when Dead attempts to seize the bag of money he encountered upon murdering a man in Georgia. Hovet and Lounsberry mention, however, he is taken aback by the sight of it, Life, safety, and luxury fanned out before him like a peacock, as he stood there trying to distinguish each delicious color, he saw the dusty boots of his father standing just on the other side of the shallow pit (Morrison 264). He then promises to protect and uphold that treasure by investing it and marrying a wealthy woman. Milkman tells his father of the gold bag Pilate discovered, and recruits Milkman to steal it for him. Its mentioned that Milkman and Guitar also view gold from the nesters standpoint of prosperity and fulfillment (Hovet 133). The second type of flyer is the falling flyer, who is a daring and dangerous character that take a step of bravery that inevitably leads to their death. Mr. Smith is a falling flyer as he jumps off the hospital roof in the opening scene and dies. This sets a tone that Morrison carries in the novel: that the theme of flight can be linked to death. Though the second are not as well represented in Song of Solomon as it is in Morrisons other novels, the third type of flyers are very consistent throughout the text. The third type of flyers are soarers. Soarers are confident and closely drawn to their community. They represent actualization and self-fulfillment, and although Milkman caused great heartbreak to Hagar when he left, he could be considered a character identified as a soarer.We dont really know the outcome of Milkmans flight; pessimistic readers that assume he plummeted to his death may identify him as a falling flyer; but readers that believe Milkman truly learned to fly and conquered his demons would have faith that he is a soarer. Pilate could also be identified as a soarer as well, as   the novel states on page 510, Now he [Milkman] knew why he loved her so. Without ever leaving the ground, she could fly (Morrison 510). The strength and mobility of Pilate makes her a better-grounded character. She ultimately embodies every aspect of a soaring character. While flight has represented many themes of   liberation throughout the history of African American Literature, Morrisons adaptation of the theme highlights the outlying effects of flying characters. Morrison re examines the context of flight in previous cultures and re models it to reflect a contemporary grasp of the theme. Without the theme of flight present in the novel, Morrison would not have been able to develop her other symbols and imagery.

A Question Of Vaccination Effectiveness - Free Essay Example

Analysis Immunization Effectiveness To begin, vaccination effectiveness for both children and adolescents directly influence their health and promote healthy living in societies today. Klein informs adolescent health specialists about the sudden declining utilization of meningitis immunizations among adolescents in her abstract due to lenient vaccination requirements enforced by schools. Immunizations are not a priority. Instructing the urgency in giving more meningococcal meningitis vaccines, Klein discloses, Adolescent immunization rates for some vaccines recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices are disappointingly low.   The CDC recommends four inoculations for the average adolescent, yet numerous parents withdraw their adolescents from receiving some immunizations.   An adolescent who is not given important vaccines risks accumulating diseases like meningitis. Disease transmission imposes life threatening side effects. Hence, the United States demonstrates an importance in vaccinating their children only to prevent illness transmission across the country. The United States disease prevention   induces better health standards for Americans nationwide. Spain vaccination rates are high overall, indicating strong effectiveness in their uses. Spain includes strict vaccination schedules much like the United States does, although Spanish families do not make receiving vaccinations a similar priority. Additionally, Kollmann informs immunologists about the trends in responses to vaccinations among younger children in his abstract due to the mechanisms that correlate vaccination outcomes. Infants are more susceptible to illness. Guiding the need for disease prevention , Kollmann enlightens,We propose that systems vaccinology should be applied to age-specific studies focused on protection, to derive the necessary insight for optimal design of vaccines for the very young. Designing effective vaccines for individuals based on their age helps ensure a positive response in patients. Positive responses after taking certain shots encourage other people to unite in the action. Civilians that receive immunizations create smaller chances for transmitting disease. Consequently, The United States designs vaccines effectively to increase disease prevention rates. The United States increases disease prevention rates due to the effectiveness in creating age-specific immunizations. Spains age- specific vaccinations have been more effective this year in comparison to the United States. Spains immunization effectiveness creates substantial reductions in illnesses. Side Effects Furthermore, side effects provide significant reasons for citizens from varied cultures to abstain from receiving inoculations. In the journal abstract, Anderberg informs economists about controversial vaccine usage due to differences between education and income.   More educated parents avoid immunizations.   Enlightening disputed vaccination use, Anderberg conveys, Using a supplementary data source we find evidence of a corresponding positive income effect, indicating that wealthier parents avoided the MMR dilemma by purchasing single vaccines. Affluent and intellectual individuals avert from receiving the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine because they understand its potential risks. Knowing immunization dangers leads consumers to withdraw from using them. Educated consumers who choose to abstain from immunizations eliminate risks like acquiring unwanted side effects. For example, more educated parents in The United States acknowledge potential risks that are included in receiving vaccines just by investigating their ingredients. Some immunizations in the United States are made with questionable components such as aluminum, gelatin, and thimerosal; that have been proven to cause side effects in some patients. Spains vaccines are genetically modified with some untrustworthy ingredients as well, such as gelatin and aluminum. Spains toxic ingredient use in immunizations leads to harmful side effects for their own patients. More importantly, Brewer informs in his abstract to psychologists that the urge to receive immunizations are increasingly low because consumers thoughts and feelings are the motivation behind getting vaccinated. Psychological concepts aid action. Instructing the ways social processes affect motivation to become vaccinated, Brewer claims, Substantial research has shown that social norms are associated with vaccination, but few interventions examined whether normative messages increase vaccination uptake.   Social influence is a considerable reason for civilians to avoid getting vaccinated due to that it minimizes motivation. Numerous individuals avert going to the doctors office because they hesitate to put viruses in their own bodies. Directly injecting an illness into someones body causes them to worry about acquiring deadly side effects. Likewise, The United States implements social norms that receiving vaccinations is healthy, yet side effects like pneumonia, HPV, or influenza provides reasons to be uncertain about their usage. The United States does not recognize the harsh side effects included in vaccinations, but instead, promotes them. Spains vaccination requirements are less strict when it comes to taking them on a regular basis, especially because Spanish citizens are against genetically modified substance use. Because Spains immunizations contain potentially harmful ingredients, most patients avoid them to decrease the likelihood for accumulating side effects.